Screwing subfloor - Secure Backer Board with Screws. Drill cement board screws through the backer board sheets every 6 to 8 inches. Position the screws at least 1/2-inch, but no more than 2 inches, from the edge of the sheet. Drive the screws in so that the heads are slightly below the surface of the backer board sheet. 6.

 
2.1 - 2.1. Remove existing baseboards, moulding and doorway thresholds. 2.2 - 2.2. Measure the combined thickness of the subfloor (sleepers and wood panels) and finished floorcovering. 2.3 - 2.3. With a saw or oscillating tool, cut door casings and jambs to 1/16" above the level of where the finished floor will be. . Advertising on youtube

May 1, 2019 · One reason is infloor heating. Rigid foam makes a great basement floor insulation. The right kinds are even dense enough to support a plywood subfloor without any supporting wooden strips underneath. You simply lay sheets of foam on the basement floor, then fasten 5/8” plywood on top with concrete screws driven into predrilled holes in …The main categories of screws designed for subfloors include galvanized screws, steel screws and cement board screws. Galvanized screws: Galvanized screws are named …When it comes to construction and DIY projects, choosing the right hardware is crucial. Fasteners and screws are two commonly used types of hardware that play a vital role in holdi...3 days ago · In this video, learn how to install an additional layer of plywood panels over a subfloor to create a solid base for tile. By Andy Engel. Plywood is one form of underlayment the Tile Council of North America ‘s handbook allows for in homes with joists that are spaced 16 in. O.C. The go-to product is 1/2-in. void-free underlayment-grade panels ...Nov 4, 2021 · Step 4: Acclimate Plywood. Now you’re ready to install the new underlayment or subfloor. First, be sure that the floor is completely clean from all nails, screws, glue, staples, carpet fibers, dust, and thinset. The best suggestion for this is to use a shop vac because you can use it for both wet and dry materials. What's the best way to fasten subfloor? In this video I discuss 4 options we've used over the years and then which method we use today. To me if we are goi... Give us a shout at (888) 794-1590 or shoot us an email at [email protected] and one of our Product Experts will point you in the right direction! Shop for the right Subfloor & Underlayment Screw Gun for your project at Fasteners Plus. We carry a full line of Simpson Strong-Tie Quik Drive systems and …Apr 1, 2012 · What kind of flooring? I screwed mine down, before my new carpeting, because I had some squeeks. I put 6 screws in the field and 8 on the seams. I also made sure all the nails were set below the level of the subfloor. If you are putting down tile you may need to add more screws or an additional underlayment.The only rule of thumb applies for the depth of screw, not spacing. Subfloor is typically screwed 6" +/- on the edges- which there is only 2. The edges that are perpendicular to the joist cannot. The center of the subfloor as a rule without using adhesive is 8" in the field and the joist span dictates the dimension the other way.We can help. You don’t have to select OSB screws alone. Our team is ready to answer any additional questions and suggest which is best based on your individual needs. Call 610-376-5751 to learn more about our fasteners, manufacturing practices, and …Here are some reasons why you might consider screwing your plywood subfloor: 1. Enhanced Stability. Screws offer superior holding power compared to nails, especially in areas prone to movement or vibration. The threading on screws creates a tighter grip on the subfloor, reducing the risk of squeaks and floor movement over time. 2.2.1 - 2.1. Remove existing baseboards, moulding and doorway thresholds. 2.2 - 2.2. Measure the combined thickness of the subfloor (sleepers and wood panels) and finished floorcovering. 2.3 - 2.3. With a saw or oscillating tool, cut door casings and jambs to 1/16" above the level of where the finished floor will be.Item. Column 1. Maximum Spacing of supports, mm. Column 2. Minimum Thickness, mm. Plywood and OSB, O-2 Grade. Column 3. Minimum Thickness, mm. OSB, O-1 Grade, and ...The right subfloor screw spacing for plywood floor support is typically 6 to 8 inches along the edges and every 12 to 16 inches in the field. This spacing ensures that the subfloor …Tom Silva and Kevin O'Connor start laying subfloor in the Cape Ann dining room.SUBSCRIBE to This Old House: http://bit.ly/SubscribeThisOldHouse.After several...Jul 4, 2017 · The subfloor is 3/4" tongue-and-groove OSB which has been nailed down on 19" spaced joists. Luckily, I am changing the carpet to wood flooring so I am free to fix the subfloor prior to installing the wood flooring. I complained to the builder about the squeaking, so they screwed down the OSB using deck screws everywhere at 6" intervals. What's the best way to fasten subfloor? In this video I discuss 4 options we've used over the years and then which method we use today. To me if we are goi... Sep 22, 2008 · The guys who have gotten neurotic about squeaks use 1¼"x#8 flooring screws and PL premium for a ¾" OSB subfloor sitting on TJI's. The rest use 2-3/8" air nails (clipped or FRH, depending on what kind of guns they run). The few hand nailers left generally use 2½" ring-shank. They may or may not use glue as well; depends on the crew.Oct 7, 2020 · STEP 6. Swap in the electric drill’s screwdriver bit. Then, insert a 2-½-inch wood screw in the first pre-drilled hole at an angle. As you start to drill the screw into the 2×4, you should see ...Guest. #8. 01-21-2003, 09:05 PM. Re: Subfloor screw down questions. We've experimented with all means of attaching sub-flooring to joisting and we're now full-circle back to using either 8d ring-shank nails or 1 1/4" staples (engineers preference), always with adhesive (we formerly used standard sub-floor and construction adhesive.Jul 24, 2018 · Screws need to be twisted into the subfloor, which takes more time than simply shooting a nail into subfloor material. However, some screw guns, like the Senco DuraSpin DS440-AC , are auto-fed. A collated strip of screws in this case makes screwing subfloors a little faster, although it’s not as swift as nailing. The Strong-Drive WSVF Subfloor screw is an available variant with a gray Quik Guard® coating that is recognized for corrosion resistance in IAPMO UES ER-192 for Exposures 1 and 3 as described in ICC-ES AC257. Like the WSV Subfloor screw, the WSVF Subfloor screws are designed for dry service applications. Subfloor glues must be strong enough to remain durable over time, but they also need to be elastic enough to absorb the regular movement and impact most floors face and cope with potential shrinkage. If you are looking for a subfloor adhesive with a powerful, permanent bond, try Loctite PL 400 VOC Subfloor & Deck Adhesive. ...Mar 27, 2002 · Guest. #10. 04-01-2002, 06:51 PM. Re: attaching 1/2" plywood to existing subfloor. For your purposes epoxy is a 2 part glue. You add wood flour (fine saw dust) to thicken the glue and prevent it from running out of the joint and to keep the joint from being glue starved. The open time is over 1 hr so you can work slow.Step 3: Remove the sewer inlet. Now, you can reach the sewer inlet of the flange. Cut around the inlet with the mini hacksaw. It may need several cuts, as it has been set on the subfloor due to its age. After cutting the …Nov 2, 2014 · 3. You'll need to pilot and counter-sink screws like that, or try switching to a self piloting, self counter-sinking screw like Gold Star or similar. The problem with all purpose screws is that the blunt tip just flexes the fibers out of the way, reducing the amount of material the threads can get a hold of. With a screw that short it doesn't ... How do screws compare to nails for OSB? Typically, screws are best for OSB and softwoods due to the heightened chance of splitting and easier removal at a future date. This results in a weaker connection and can damage the integrity of the subfloor or sheathing. Plus, OSB subfloors applied with nails rather than screws are more likely to creak. Nailing is typically used for tongue and groove wood subfloors and thinner plywood overlays and screwing is preferred for thicker plywood overlays, particle board, and composite materials. Screws provide the greatest strength for securing subfloors, but nails are generally easier to work with and cause less splitting damage to the wood. When ...Subfloor: Screws or Nails? Screws are better for a quality subfloor job than nails. Screws create stronger joints and are also less destructive. Hammering nails will destroy the soft …Dec 3, 2023 · Spread thinset adhesive on the backer board and set the tiles, leaving ⅛-inch gaps to account for expansion of the grout. You can use spacers to help with this process. Work in small sections and firmly set the tiles by tapping them with a rubber mallet, if needed.In this video I show you the steps involved to screw down plywood subfloor and remove any squeaks or noises prior to new floor install If you have any questions feel free to …When it comes to subfloors, plywood is a popular choice due to its strength and durability. However, not all plywood is created equal, and it’s important to choose the right type f...Tom Silva and Kevin O'Connor start laying subfloor in the Cape Ann dining room.SUBSCRIBE to This Old House: http://bit.ly/SubscribeThisOldHouse.After several... When it comes to subfloor screws, there are two main types: self-tapping screws and wood screws. Self-tapping screws are designed to drill into the joists and create their own threads for a secure fit. They are available in various sizes and lengths and are ideal for use in softwood or plywood subfloors. When it comes to choosing the right screws for your project, understanding their sizes is crucial. The size of screws can vary greatly, and selecting the wrong size can lead to str...2. If the joists are stiff enough, you then check the stiffness of the subfloor. This is usually done by a simple chart that tells you for a given joist spacing how thick your subfloor needs to be. Check the Schluter website (they make Ditramat) for an excellent discussion about the required stiffness of the subfloor.Subfloor/Flooring Screws. These screws are specifically designed to fasten subfloors securely and reduce squeaking. These screws are often 1 ¾” to 3″, which covers the …The seams between the cementboard sheets must be offset from the plywood seams by at least 2 inches, and the end joints of the cementboard sheets should also be staggered by at least that much with respect to each other. Screw the sheets to the subfloor, using rust-resistant screws and spacing them 6 inches apart.Jun 5, 2019 · "It loads easy, its reliable, its worth every penny just to stand while screwing the subfloor down or screwing a ceiling up. Worth every penny." Read more "Super fast..." Read more. 4 customers mention 4 positive 0 negative. Customers find the installation process of the screw gun to be easy. They mention that the system makes the labor and ...Feb 16, 2022 · Cement board screws: Fully threaded screws like cement board screws are designed to fasten subfloors for tiling jobs. These screws have a coating for resisting corrosion that can be caused by mortar or moisture. Cement board screws can be used with wood or metal. Deck screws can also be compatible with subfloor projects. The joists are the beams that run below the floor, and the subfloor is the wood that goes on top. Together, the joists and the subfloor support the hardwood floors. When someone walks over the floor in a spot where there’s a space, the subfloor may push down and rub against the joists. Then, you hear the end result as that squeak.A 1-pound box of standard 1.25-inch-long drywall screws contains approximately 300 pieces. However, the larger the screw length or diameter, the fewer screws per pound. Drywall scr...Jan 27, 2023 · I'm installing the DWV plumbing in my new addition. I've located the toilet flange and have temporarily screwed it to the OSB subfloor using a couple of coated decking screws so I can continue with the pipe installs. What kind of screw material is recommended for the permanent installation of the toilet flange? I'm thinking along the lines of:If necessary, you can also screw and glue a sister joist alongside the existing floor joist, jammed up tightly against the subflooring above. Use carpenter’s glue on the side and construction adhesive on the top of the sister. A 2×4 should work well for the sister, or even a 1×6 — whatever you have on hand.The most common subfloor screw sizes are #8 and #10, with lengths ranging from 1-1/4″ to 3″. Consider using screws with a self-drilling or self-tapping feature to make installation easier. Proper spacing is crucial, typically every 6-8 inches along the edges and every 12 inches in the field. Here’s the process: Measure and cut rim joist and floor joist boards from 2×6 treated lumber. Set rim joists on shed foundation. Nail outer floor joists to rim boards. Attach the joist hangers to rim joists. Install the rest of floor joists. Make sure the floor framing is square. Apr 16, 2017 ... I used self drilling screws to secure my floor which is a sandwich of original insulated vinyl floor mat, 1/4" plywood, e-track and 1/2" plywood ...Jan 21, 2018 · Here's the problem: the head of a screw is a vitally important part of the screw. When you rip off the screw head, you remove the part meant to do the holding! The remaining screw threads can't last very long, if at all. Even the theory is flawed: squeaks are formed from a variety of issues in the floor structure, the subfloor becoming loose from …Aug 14, 2014 · Partially threaded will tend to pull the wood down to the joists better. 8-10" in the field is sufficient. Now, if you are going over this subflooring with another layer, no glue and intentionally miss the joists with the next set of screws. Upvote. # 3. 08-14-14, 01:14 PM.Jul 24, 2023 · Allow the Luan plywood underlayment to adapt to the area in which you’ll install it. This prevents the Luan wood from bubbling when it’s attached to the subfloor. Step 3: Clean The Subfloor Sweep your floor to remove all dirt, debris, and dust. Check and remove any screws or nails sticking out of the subfloor. May 14, 2018 · On the 3/4" subfloor, you have the right idea. Use subfloor adhesive, and screw 8" at edges, 12" in field. For the 1/2" underlayment, ideally, you want to screw every 6" all across the panel. If you use adhesive for the underlayment, you can get away with fasteners every 8" using ring shanked nails. Jul 21, 2021 ... ... underlayment to subfloor using nails, screws, and staples, and the impact on floor surface. 14:36⚒️ Tips for securing underlayment to subfloor ...With the positive momentum in the housing market, more homeowners are ready to put their homes on the market. Don't mess it up. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters...Cement board screws: Fully threaded screws like cement board screws are designed to fasten subfloors for tiling jobs. These screws have a coating for resisting corrosion that can be caused by mortar or moisture. Cement board screws can be used with wood or metal. Deck screws can also be compatible with subfloor projects.3 Best Screws for Subfloor (as of March, 2024): 1. Senco 08200Y Screw for Subfloor – Quick Installation, Lasting Hold Review. Designed to work alongside the Senco Duraspin Screw gun, these 2- inch screws have a few features that made them our top pick for this review article. They have a 2/3 thread for extra hold.Mar 27, 2002 · 04-01-2002, 05:51 PM. Re: attaching 1/2" plywood to existing subfloor. For your purposes epoxy is a 2 part glue. You add wood flour (fine saw dust) to thicken the glue and prevent it from running out of the joint and to keep the joint from being glue starved. The open time is over 1 hr so you can work slow.May 1, 2019 · One reason is infloor heating. Rigid foam makes a great basement floor insulation. The right kinds are even dense enough to support a plywood subfloor without any supporting wooden strips underneath. You simply lay sheets of foam on the basement floor, then fasten 5/8” plywood on top with concrete screws driven into predrilled holes in …A 1-pound box of standard 1.25-inch-long drywall screws contains approximately 300 pieces. However, the larger the screw length or diameter, the fewer screws per pound. Drywall scr...With a larger thread gripping a bigger surface area around them, screws hold your subfloor very tightly – allowing no wiggle room for shifting or loosening. Several nail …The main categories of screws designed for subfloors include galvanized screws, steel screws and cement board screws. Galvanized screws: Galvanized screws are named …Barricade 23.25-in x 23.25-in x 1-in Tongue and Groove OSB Insulated Subfloor Panel. Format 23 1/4x23 1/4". ★★★★★ ★★★★★. 4.3. (20) Article #01925002. 1-866-283-2239. Shop Subfloors and Underlay - Plywood and OSB in-store or online at Rona.ca. Find the right Building Supplies on sale to help complete your home improvement ... There are many types of screws for plywood and OSB subfloor. You’ll want to use #8 1-1/2 inch wood screws spaced 8 inches apart to secure a 5/8″ OSB subfloor to the floor joist or floor truss. For 3/4 inch plywood, it would be best to step up to a 2-inch wood screw to account for the added thickness. ... subfloor that cause floor squeaks due to its superior holding power. Evaluated for Diaphragm Flooring. Simpson Strong-Tie WSV Subfloor Screws are dual ...Subfloor & Underlayment Screw Gun Systems at Fasteners Plus. Check out. Continue shopping. Essential Add-Ons. #8 Roofjack Square Silicone Pipe Flashing Boot, Red. …Aug 7, 2020 ... The metal of the van is more active than stainless steels so the stainless will cause the van to rust. If you use zinc plated fasteners the ...Jul 13, 2018 · 5. Not Gluing the Subfloor's Tongue-and-Groove. Applying a small bead of glue in the tongue-and-groove can significantly help reduce any movement and noise. 6. Delaying Fastening the Panels. Again, it’s tempting to tack the corners and come back to screw all the panels down at once. But by then the glue is already set. You’ll want the screw to go about an inch past the plywood into the joist or underlying layer beneath it. So if your subfloor is 3/4 of an inch thick, any screw about 1 3/4 inches long …Jan 21, 2024 · My subfloor is squeaky, and there's a small window of opportunity I'll have to fasten it down before/during my carpet being replaced. I have available to me a nice corded drill, and an air-powered framing nailer. My chief concern is longevity of the solution, I don't want the floor squeaking again in 5 years.Dec 13, 2022 · Screw Toilet Flange Onto Concrete. Use Tapcon anchors or a similar type of masonry/concrete screw to fasten the toilet flange to the concrete slab. If using a plastic flange ring, be careful not to crack the ring by screwing the anchors in too far. With the toilet flange in place, you are ready to install the toilet with a new wax ring.5 days ago · Advantech Subfloor: Benefits. The Advantech subfloor comes with a lot of benefits. Some of them are: Easy To Install. One of the best things about the Advantech subfloor is how easily it can be installed. It screws into place and does not require any glue, nails, or other adhesives to hold it in place. Resistant To Water DamageThere are two types of screws that are mainly used for installing subflooring: steel screws and galvanized screws. Both screws are very strong, and perfect for installing the …Jul 24, 2023 · Allow the Luan plywood underlayment to adapt to the area in which you’ll install it. This prevents the Luan wood from bubbling when it’s attached to the subfloor. Step 3: Clean The Subfloor Sweep your floor to remove all dirt, debris, and dust. Check and remove any screws or nails sticking out of the subfloor. Dec 13, 2022 · Screw Toilet Flange Onto Concrete. Use Tapcon anchors or a similar type of masonry/concrete screw to fasten the toilet flange to the concrete slab. If using a plastic flange ring, be careful not to crack the ring by screwing the anchors in too far. With the toilet flange in place, you are ready to install the toilet with a new wax ring. What's the best way to fasten subfloor? In this video I discuss 4 options we've used over the years and then which method we use today. To me if we are goi... Nov 24, 2001 · Screwing Plywood Over Subflooring. 11-24-2001, 10:28 PM. I am preparing to remodel a 7' X 19' bathroom that will include a ceramic tile floor. The 16" o.c. joists are currently covered with a 5/8" plywood subfloor. I plan to adhere, with thinset, another 5/8" or 3/4" layer of plywood along with a waterproofing membrane.How to install subfloor sleepers over slab in the basement and other rooms with a concrete floor ... The result is a subfloor ... screws or powder-actuated ...It will create a mess if the particle board is not predrilled because the screws will at least break-out the backside of the particle board there by preventing the screw from ever drawing the PB flat against the plywood ... especially if the PB is not high density (heads will pull through) ... and especially if the screws are going into something as thin as 5/8" (low …How to install subfloor sleepers over slab in the basement and other rooms with a concrete floor ... The result is a subfloor ... screws or powder-actuated ...Jun 9, 2014 · The length of the selected fastener should be a minimum of 5/8″. It should not be so long that it penetrates the combined thickness of the plywood underlayment and subfloor. The fasteners should not protrude out of the bottom side of the subfloor. See our complete plywood underlayment installation video at www.InstallSurePly.com.With the positive momentum in the housing market, more homeowners are ready to put their homes on the market. Don't mess it up. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters...... subfloor that cause floor squeaks due to its superior holding power. Evaluated for Diaphragm Flooring. Simpson Strong-Tie WSV Subfloor Screws are dual ...Should this be the case, a homeowner might need to peel back the layers of flooring and get to work. Here are five signs it’s time to replace a subfloor. 1. Those squeaks could be calling for ...

Nov 4, 2021 · Step 4: Acclimate Plywood. Now you’re ready to install the new underlayment or subfloor. First, be sure that the floor is completely clean from all nails, screws, glue, staples, carpet fibers, dust, and thinset. The best suggestion for this is to use a shop vac because you can use it for both wet and dry materials.. Topgolf how much

screwing subfloor

When it comes to subfloors, plywood is a popular choice due to its strength and durability. However, not all plywood is created equal, and it’s important to choose the right type f...Put glue down all of the floor ribs and make little spacers for the larger flat spots so they don’t dip. Glue the spacers to the floor and the subfloor to the spacers. Once you’ve got a decent amount of glue down, drop those plywood pieces into place. With the Loctite you’ve got about 15 minutes to make adjustments if needed.Tom Silva and Kevin O'Connor start laying subfloor in the Cape Ann dining room.SUBSCRIBE to This Old House: http://bit.ly/SubscribeThisOldHouse.After several...Aug 10, 2007 · 50. Country. 5 Dec 2008. #4. Reynard - the basic formula for screws is 1/3 = thickness of material to be fixed & 2/3 into the support. So for your 18mm ply, screw length is 18 x 3 = 54mm ... the newest screw to this is 50mm; that's the …If it's wider (not likely, but possible) the subfloor can be up to 1 1/2 inches thick for a 36-inch span. The 3/4-inch-thick subfloor takes a 2-inch screw. A thicker subfloor takes a 3-inch screw ...Jul 21, 2021 ... ... underlayment to subfloor using nails, screws, and staples, and the impact on floor surface. 14:36⚒️ Tips for securing underlayment to subfloor ...Dec 13, 2022 · Screw Toilet Flange Onto Concrete. Use Tapcon anchors or a similar type of masonry/concrete screw to fasten the toilet flange to the concrete slab. If using a plastic flange ring, be careful not to crack the ring by screwing the anchors in too far. With the toilet flange in place, you are ready to install the toilet with a new wax ring. There are two types of screws you can use when installing subflooring, steel screws and galvanized screws. Steel screws are most often used for interior subflooring. On the other hand, galvanized screws are most used for exterior flooring. Jan 14, 2017 · Sorted by: 1. Yes, do both. To avoid squeaks, use screws (not nails) everywhere for the flooring. I had a very squeaky kitchen and entry-way floor, which I wanted to tile over. I kept the existing plywood subfloor but screwed it down to the joists using drywall screws. I used a LOT of them, one every 4 inches or so along every floor joist, and ...May 14, 2020 ... ... screws) Recommended for 1/2" or 5/8" plywood. 3/16” X 2 1/4” concrete anchors USA https://amzn.to/2Nv7qh6 Canada https://amzn.to/3abZERc ... Secure Backer Board with Screws. Drill cement board screws through the backer board sheets every 6 to 8 inches. Position the screws at least 1/2-inch, but no more than 2 inches, from the edge of the sheet. Drive the screws in so that the heads are slightly below the surface of the backer board sheet. 6. 18V LXT® Lithium‑Ion Cordless Autofeed Screwdriver, Tool Only. SPEED : Makita-built 4-pole motor delivers 4,000 RPM. CONTROL : Integrated autofeed design makes the tool lighter and more compact. COMFORT : Weighs only 5.2 lbs. with battery (battery not included) for reduced operator fatigue. CAPACITY : High collated screw capacity range: 1 …Use a variety of methods to attach the subfloor to the joists. Instead of simply nailing (or screwing) or gluing the subfloor to the joists, do both. Be gentle. Hammering the edges of tongue-and-groove subfloor to fit them together can damage the wood fibers on the boards, leading to squeaky floors down the road.Nov 8, 2012 · Place a sheet of 3/4-inch plywood with the sanded side facing upwards into one corner of the room, perpendicular to the orientation of the subfloor. Slide the sheet two feet away from the corner, keeping the long side of the plywood in contact with the wall. Measure a 2-by-4-foot section of plywood from the end of a full sheet of plywood with a ...Fix / repair your squeaky floors anywhere in the house with just a drill and a kit (https://geni.us/bErA). It's an easy fix and will preserve your sanity!#sq...Jan 31, 2024 · Collated Screws. Internet # 321523823. ... Simpson Strong-Tie #9 x 1-3/4 in. T25 6-Lobe, Flat Head, Strong-Drive WSV Collated Subfloor Screw, Yellow Zinc (1000-Pack) ... Nov 2, 2014 · 3. You'll need to pilot and counter-sink screws like that, or try switching to a self piloting, self counter-sinking screw like Gold Star or similar. The problem with all purpose screws is that the blunt tip just flexes the fibers out of the way, reducing the amount of material the threads can get a hold of. With a screw that short it doesn't ...Installation: (1) For the ¼” Tapcon drill a hole, use a hammer drill through the wood subfloor using a 3/16” carbide tipped ANSI standard bit. The depth of the hole should be at least 1/2” deeper than the Tapcon will penetrate the concrete. This leaves space for any dust and debris created during the installation to fall.Here are some reasons why you might consider screwing your plywood subfloor: 1. Enhanced Stability. Screws offer superior holding power compared to nails, especially in areas prone to movement or vibration. The threading on screws creates a tighter grip on the subfloor, reducing the risk of squeaks and floor movement over time. 2..

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