Hand signals gang signs - These gestures, hand signals, or body movements convey messages that may include territory claims, allegiance declarations, or even threats towards rival gangs. Q2: How did gang signs originate? Originating from African-American communities in Los Angeles during the late 1960s, street gangs such as the Crips began using handsigns initially as ...

 
Gang members use hand signs to communicate with each other and to challenge rival members or law enforcement officers in what they call "throwing signs." After forming in Los Angeles in the early 1970s, the Bloods street gang spread to the East Coast and formed "sets." These sets include the Piru Bloods, Fruit Town Brims, and South Side …. Ecoatm broken phone

One such gang that commands attention is the Gangster Disciples (GD), known for its intricate system of communication through hand signals or “gang signs.” In this blog post, we peel back the layers of mystery surrounding these gestures to provide you with an insightful guide on how to understand GD gang signs and their meanings.Short answer gang sign holding up 4 fingers: Gang sign holding up 4 fingers, commonly known as “throwing four,” is a hand gesture associated with street gangs. It typically signifies an affiliation or allegiance to a particular gang and may differ in meaning depending on the group involved.A gang sign is a hand gesture, symbol, or movement used by members of a particular gang to identify themselves or communicate with fellow members. These signs can vary between different gangs and are often unique to each group. They serve as a means of displaying allegiance, marking territory, expressing threats or warnings, and …Here is a numbered list of three common hand signs used by gangs in Houston: 1. The "H-Town" sign: Gang members often use this hand sign to represent their connection to the city of Houston. It involves forming an 'H' shape with your index finger extended upwards while making a fist with the other fingers. 2.5. Secretive Language: Gang signs are more than mere symbolic gestures; they also serve as a secretive language facilitating covert communication between gang members. Each combination and variation holds hidden meanings, acting as a code that outsiders struggle to decipher.Aug 22, 2023 · Author Jordan AndersonReading 19 minViews 110Published by August 22, 2023. Short answer: A gang signs guide is a visual manual that provides information on the hand gestures used by various street gangs to communicate, indicate affiliation, or convey messages. This guide helps law enforcement agencies, researchers, and individuals understand ... Title: Step-by-Step Guide: How to Identify and Interpret the Intricate 4-Finger Hand Signal of Gangs. Introduction: In today’s society, it is crucial to stay cautious and be aware of potential dangers in our surroundings. One widely recognized form of communication used by gangs is hand signals, serving as a visual language exclusive to their ...When you feel lonely, it’s hard to get past the sadness and pain that comes with it. But feeling lonely is actually perfectly healthy. It’s your mind’s way of telling you it’s time...Watch/See/Look: Holding the first two fingers straight, point to your own eyes. Stop: Hold up your forearm and hand, then make a fist at shoulder/ear level. Cover: Holding your hand flat and open over your head, like a roof covering you. Good/OK: The classic “thumbs up” sign. Yes: Nod the head, yes.Texas gang signs turn mundane moments into covert conversations - it's almost like an exclusive club with its secret codes! Explore ways these hand signals are combined to relay specific messages without uttering a single word - impressively clandestine yet absolutely captivating! 5. Contextual Awareness:These hand signs serve as an unspoken language that allows them to seamlessly convey messages and directions during performances. 1. Peace sign: One of the most common signals used by GD is the peace sign formed by raising one or both hands with fingers spread apart. This gesture often indicates a positive message or …1) Understanding the Origins of Prison Gang Sign Language: Tracing its roots and evolution behind bars. 2) Unveiling the Intricate Codes: Exploring how prison gang sign language serves as a secret means of communication. 3) Demystifying Common Gestures in Prison Gangs: Breaking down various signs and their meanings within incarcerated communities.Short answer bdg gang sign: The BDG gang, also known as the Black Disciples Gang, does not have a specific hand sign. However, this Chicago-based street gang uses various symbols and identifiers to represent their affiliation within the organization. ... (Black Disciples Gang) and their Hand Signal Legacy # Historical Roots of the BDG (Black ...Step 4: Hand Orientation – Hints at Territory: Beyond the fingers, studying hand orientations is crucial in unveiling territorial assertions conveyed by LA gang signs. Twisting your wrists inward or outward can delineate allegiance to particular neighborhoods or specific blocks controlled by different gangs.Start by extending your right arm straight out in front of you. 2. Curl all fingers into a fist except for your thumb and index finger. 3. Extend your thumb upward while keeping other fingers bent inward towards your palm. 4. Tilt your fist slightly downward at an angle, forming an "L" shape between the thumb and index finger. Forming this ...12 Hand Signals and What They Mean. You have seen many teens, tweens, and people make these hand signals. What do they mean?Commonly, letters of the alphabet or numbers are formed by using the fingers and hands. Gang members display hand signs at citizens, police and other gang members. Sometimes, this action is referred to as "throwing a sign." Occasionally, a story is told using hand signs; some gangs refer to this as "stacking." GraffitiIn this blog post, we delve deep into the history and meaning behind Tango Blast Gang Hand Signs, shedding light on a lesser-known aspect of this notorious gang. Originating from Texas prisons in the early 1990s, Tango Blast has rapidly gained notoriety for its criminal activities spanning drug trafficking, extortion, robbery and violence.Hand Signs Gang Meaning of: Understanding the Symbolism and Significance. Short answer: Hand signs in gang culture are non-verbal forms of communication used to signify allegiance, express identity, claim territories, or convey threats. Each hand sign has different meanings depending on the specific gang and region.Welcome to Gangsigns.org – Building Safer Communities Together. At gangsigns.org, our mission is to empower individuals, families, and communities with knowledge and resources to steer clear of gang-related activities and create safer environments for all. We believe that education and support are key to breaking the cycle of gang involvement.Jun 21, 2022 ... that same hand gesture is also a symbol. ... Half Heart Hand Gesture Meaning ... Rappeur et. pritamluvsyou. Nishan Susma. Gang signs #ukdrip_y # ...These hand signals convey deeply rooted affiliations while playing a critical role in maintaining hierarchy, power dynamics, and territorial assertions between rival factions. ... NYC gang signs are often intricate hand gestures used by members of certain gangs to convey various messages like allegiance, territorial claims, or warnings related ...A gang sign, also known as a gang signal, is a verbal or visual way gang members identify their affiliation. This can take many forms including slogans, hand signs, colored clothing and graffiti. The wearer usually favors, or is in, that particular gang.Biker code / hand signals: Stop. 4. Failed To Turn Indicator Off. If the rider in front of you opens and closes their left fist, they're telling you that you've left your indicator on. With their left arm down to the side, their clenched fist will open and close to signify the flashing of your turning signal.The Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (ABT), a large and violent racist prison gang, uses a hand symbol consisting of a raised index finger and raised ring and little fingers (or the …Step 4: Hand Orientation – Hints at Territory: Beyond the fingers, studying hand orientations is crucial in unveiling territorial assertions conveyed by LA gang signs. Twisting your wrists inward or outward can delineate allegiance to particular neighborhoods or specific blocks controlled by different gangs.2. Symbolism Behind Tagging "GDK". The letters "GDK" represent "Gangster Disciple Killer," essentially indicating one's allegiance or hostility against members affiliated with GDs specifically but often extended towards other rival street organizations related to them through alliances or conflicts. 3. Interpretations Vary Among ...The ‘ring finger down’ hand sign has become a widely recognized gang sign, sparking curiosity and debate about its origins and meaning. With a complex …Short answer sureños gang sign: The Sureños gang, also known as Sur 13, usually displays the letter "S" hand sign to represent their affiliation. Members often combine this with other gestures or use specific combinations of fingers to convey additional meanings within the gang's intricate symbol system. 1) The Meaning and History ...Sign of allegiance: The hand signal represents loyalty and could be used to identify fellow members of a specific gang. 2. Drug-related connotation: Wiping one's nose can symbolize involvement in drug trafficking or drug use. 3.Provocation or disrespect: Displaying this gesture towards rival gangs is considered an act of provocation or a way ...Short answer – O Block gang signs: O Block is a notorious street gang located in Chicago, known for its involvement in criminal activities and violence. Gang members typically use hand signs to communicate with each other and assert their affiliation. These specific gestures are not publicly disclosed or documented due to the secretive nature ...The 18th Street Gang, a notorious criminal organization, employs various hand signs for identification and communication. Although exact gestures may vary among members, the most common one involves forming an "1" with the index finger while extending the thumb outward to create an "8.". This gesture signifies affiliation with or ...1. Origins of Drill Gang Hand Signals: To comprehend the essence of any secret language or form of communication, one must delve into its roots. The origins of drill gang hand signals can be traced back to Chicago in the early 2000s before making their way across state lines and captivating New York City youth culture around 2014. 2.Gang signs refer to hand gestures that are recognized within specific communities associated with criminal organizations or gangs. These signals serve multiple purposes such as identification of affiliation, communication between members, issuing challenges or threats, claiming territories and asserting dominance. 2.Gang signs have become an integral part of urban culture, with various hand signals serving as a way for individuals to identify themselves as members of a particular gang or group. One such sign that has gained significant attention is the "4 fingers up" gang sign.Short answer for Oakland gang signs: Oakland gang signs refer to hand gestures and signals used by gangs in the city of Oakland, California. These signs are often specific to particular gangs as a way of communicating with members and asserting territorial control. The use of such signs can be associated with criminal activities and pose risks ...Central to their identity are their distinct hand signals, or gang signs, which play a crucial role in communication and solidarity within their ranks. While it may be tempting to dismiss these hand gestures as mere childish antics or attention-seeking behavior, understanding Nortenos gang signs goes beyond basic curiosity.Throwing gang signs refers to displaying hand gestures associated with street gangs as a form of communication and identification. These signs can hold various meanings unique to different gangs, representing allegiance, territory claims, or disrespect towards rival groups. ... When deciphered alongside hand signals used when throwing gang ...The specific gestures used by Blood gang members often hold symbolic meaning rooted in their history and ideology. For instance, one of their most recognizable signs involves extending the thumb and pinky finger, forming a “b.”. This represents their affiliation with the Bloods and symbolizes loyalty to the gang.Short answer – Gang signs are hand gestures used by gang members to identify their affiliation, communicate messages, and intimidate rivals. Each sign carries a specific meaning unique to the particular gang or alliance. These signs can include finger configurations, palm orientations, or specific movements that signify loyalty or disdain ...Are you experiencing the frustrating issue of no signal on your TV? It can be incredibly frustrating when you settle down to watch your favorite show or engage in a gaming session,...Members of the Dodge City Crips Second Street Mob in San Pedro, California, pose with a stack of crisp $100 bills in 1987. The gang sold crack cocaine in the city’s harbor area.Blood gang hand signs are gestures used by members of the Bloods street gang to represent their affiliation. Commonly, these include a raised index and middle finger forming a ‘B’ shape or signifying the number two, representing “Second Letter” for Blood. Additionally, other hand signals can vary in meaning among subgroups within the gang.Gang signs in the United States are hand gestures used by members of street gangs to communicate and identify themselves. These signs often vary regionally and can include specific handshapes, movements, or combinations. They serve as a way for gang members to display loyalty and intimidate rivals. ... These hand signals signify strength ...Title: Step-by-Step Guide: How to Identify and Interpret the Intricate 4-Finger Hand Signal of Gangs. Introduction: In today's society, it is crucial to stay cautious and be aware of potential dangers in our surroundings. One widely recognized form of communication used by gangs is hand signals, serving as a visual language exclusive to their ...a) Bloods & Crips - The notorious rivalry between two prominent Los Angeles-based gangs has perpetuated numerous hand signs ingrained in popular culture. For example: - Bloods use variations on "B" lettering (for 'Blood') employing signatures like a bent thumb beneath crossed fingers forming a lowercase 'b'.The Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (ABT), a large and violent racist prison gang, uses a hand symbol consisting of a raised index finger and raised ring and little fingers (or the …South side gang signs often serve two primary purposes – recognition and communication: ###Recognition: When members flash distinct hand signals within gang-infested territories, it acts as an immediate identification tool for both established comrades and potential new recruits encountering these groups. ###Signaling Messages:From African-American gangs using West Coast symbols like Crips and Bloods hand signals to Latin American gangs employing complex finger patterns known as "placas," there exist numerous variations that tell unique stories through gestural communication. 3. Basic Gestures Made Simple: Now comes the exciting part - learning some easy gang ...As a salute, the fingertips touch the brow of the head. As a sign the hand is held at shoulder height. The term "three-finger salute" is also applied in a joking way to the finger. Thumbs Up and Thumbs Down are common gestures of approval or disapproval made by extending the thumb upward or downward. Thumb up.1. Symbolizes loyalty: Gang members use this hand sign as a way to demonstrate their allegiance and loyalty towards their respective gang. 2. Represents identity: Displaying this symbol allows members to identify themselves as part of a specific set or clique within the larger gang organization. 3.The Piru Blood Gang, a subset of the wider Bloods street gang, is known for their unique hand signs. Common symbols include stacking fingers to represent "Piru love" and forming a lower-case 'b' with the hands as an abbreviation for "Blood." ... Before we delve into specific hand signals, let's provide some context about the ...Learn about the Los Angeles organized crime gang, the Bloods, including its hand signs and history. Find out about the rivalry with another street gang, the Crips. Updated: 12/27/2022Is Squid Game Success a Buy Signal for Netflix?...NFLX Netflix (NFLX) is often lampooned for its proclivity to produce as many shows as possible, prioritizing the quantity rather t...Last Modified Date: January 31, 2024. Gang signs are hand or body gestures used to identify fellow or rival gang members. They are gang-specific, and often include the display of numbers or letters. Gang signs can also work similarly to sign language, with certain gestures denoting intention or action. Typically, gang signs show allegiance or ...It involves extending the index finger and pinky while keeping other fingers curled inward towards the palm. #### Meaning. This symbol indicates affiliation with a particular street gang that operates primarily on the west side of Louisville. ### Symbol 2: "Triple Six". Another notable hand gesture seen among gangs in Louisville is known as ...These hand gestures have become symbolic of their unity and allegiance. Here are some of the most commonly seen hand signs associated with the Woo gang: 1. W: The first finger and thumb form a "W" shape by crossing at an angle while keeping other fingers extended. 2. Hook 'em Horns: This symbol is made by extending your pinky finger and ...Aug 22, 2023 · Author Jordan AndersonReading 19 minViews 110Published by August 22, 2023. Short answer: A gang signs guide is a visual manual that provides information on the hand gestures used by various street gangs to communicate, indicate affiliation, or convey messages. This guide helps law enforcement agencies, researchers, and individuals understand ... These gestures consist of specific movements, positions, or combinations that are commonly utilized as part of these gang-related signals. 1. Hand sign: Potential members often use a hand sign consisting of making a fist with the right index and pinky finger extended while tucking in the other fingers. This symbolizes affiliation with the Black ...Aug 12, 2023 · 2. The “Pitchfork” Hand Sign: Next in line is the intriguing “Pitchfork” hand sign usually associated with rival gangs originating from Chicago’s streets. This gesture forms an inverted ‘V’ shape with extended fingers placed together at the bottom and separated towards the top, mimicking a pitchfork’s prongs. How to Identify and Interpret Gangster Disciples Gang Signs. Gang signs have long been a way for gang members to communicate and assert their presence in urban communities. One such prominent street organization is the Gangster Disciples, known for their intricate hand signals that serve as an identifying mark within the criminal underworld.3. MS-13: A transnational gang originating from El Salvador, members often display various hand signals such as folding two hands together tightly suggesting strong unity within the gang. Recognizing these hand signs can sometimes save us from potential danger or prevent unintentional conflicts: Being observant matters!What are they actually saying, and what's the deal with these hand signals? Should parents be worried or is this all just innocent teenage fun? In the end, it's …The adoption of hand signs by street gangs can be traced back to the 1960s when groups sought clandestine ways to communicate amidst escalating turf wars and police surveillance. Inspired by African-American traditions such as tribal hand signals and secret codes developed during slavery, gang signs became an integral part of gang culture.Bloods gang sign hands refer to a series of distinctive hand signals that members of the notorious street gang, The Bloods, utilize to communicate with one another covertly. ... The first gang sign hand gesture that captures our attention is the iconic raised fist. This simple yet powerful symbol signifies unity, strength, and unwavering ...Short answer: A gang signs guide is a visual manual that provides information on the hand gestures used by various street gangs to communicate, indicate …Dec 22, 2022 · Blood members are inked “ 3 11 ” as a tattoo, number 3 represents “C” in alphabet, number 11 represents “K” in alphabet. So “CK” mean is a “Crip Killa”. Some blood members are inked pit-bull dog. Also, Some members inked their hand signs as a tattoo. For more details look below images. Below we provide a brief overview highlighting some common types of gang hand signs: ### 1. Bloods & Crips – Rivals with Distinct Signals. The notorious street gangs “Bloods” and “Crips,” which originated from Los Angeles, California, have their own sets of unique hand signals utilized by members for identification purposes within ...The Sign of the Priestly Blessing. Of all the Jewish hand signs, the most famous is that of the priestly blessing, the Birchat Kohanim, and yet it is rarely seen. This is the sign of both hands outstretched at shoulder height under a tallit, with the fingers spread apart, as the Kohen blesses the congregation. The Kohen 's face is covered.What are some common hand gestures associated with specific gangs' sign language? Gang culture is known for its unique forms of communication, and one significant aspect is their use of hand gestures or signs. These signals allow gang members to identify each other as well as convey messages discreetly in public settings. 1.Feb 28, 2020 ... Gerardo decoded the gang's hand signals and talked about the face tattoos ... Gerardo Lopez Explains the Name "MS-13", Meaning of the Hand Signs (&nb...The origins of East Side gang signs can be traced back centuries ago when secret societies developed covert communication systems through subtle hand signals known only amongst its select members. Over time, early crime syndicates skillfully incorporated similar methods in order t0 pass along crucial information unnoticed by law enforcement ...Gestures as Expressions of Identity: For many gang members, displaying their affiliation through hand signs becomes a way to depict their allegiance while standing out from others. Each sign represents a unique identity within a subculture built on loyalty, kinship bonds, shared values or territory control.In this blog post, we will explore some common hand signals used by Crip gang members and delve into their underlying meanings. 1. The "C" Hand Signal: One of the most recognizable signs associated with the Crips is forming a letter "C" using your thumb and index finger while keeping your other three fingers extended straight outwards. 2.Emerging in street gangs of the 1960s and 1970s within marginalized communities of the Bronx, this unique hand signal came to represent a sense of belonging in an otherwise fragmented society. It served as a bridge between individuals who shared similar backgrounds and experiences. ... The Bronx gang sign transcends mere hand gestures; it ...Cali gang signs refer to hand signals used by gangs in California to communicate messages and represent their affiliations. These gestures often involve specific finger combinations or movements that hold various meanings within the respective criminal organizations. It is crucial to note that engagement in such activities can be illegal and ...The Black P Stone Nation originated in Chicago's South Side during the 1960s as a response to social injustices faced by African American communities. As a way to assert their identity and protect themselves against external forces, these gang signs were born. At its core, these hand signals serve multiple purposes within the Black P Stone ...These hand signs help establish identity and loyalty among gang members. 1. The “C” sign: Members hold up their hands in the shape of a letter ‘C,’ representing Crips, with the thumb tucked under the index finger. 2. “BK” gesture: Known as ‘Bk’ for Blood Killer, this signal involves spreading out all fingers while holding down ...Cali gang signs refer to hand signals used by gangs in California to communicate messages and represent their affiliations. These gestures often involve specific finger combinations or movements that hold various meanings within the respective criminal organizations. It is crucial to note that engagement in such activities can be illegal and ...However, it is important to note that not all hand signals are indicative of gang affiliation. While many gangs do use specific gestures as a way to communicate their allegiance or establish dominance, there are numerous other instances where hand signs can be used innocently or for entirely different purposes. 1. Sign language: Hand movements ...The alphabet used in gang signs is a unique form of communication primarily utilized by certain street gangs. It involves using hand gestures and movements to represent letters or numbers, enabling members to covertly communicate messages without verbalizing them. This practice helps maintain secrecy within the gang's operations and affiliations.Blood gang hand signs are gestures used by members of the Bloods street gang to represent their affiliation. Commonly, these include a raised index and middle finger forming a ‘B’ shape or signifying the number two, representing “Second Letter” for Blood. Additionally, other hand signals can vary in meaning among subgroups within the gang.Rollin 60 Crip hand signals play a vital role in fostering camaraderie, unity, and allegiance within the gang. They provide an avenue for expressing loyalty while representing shared experiences that have shaped their collective identity over time. As such, these gestures serve as nonverbal affirmations of connection strengthening bonds between ...Throwing up the “B” sign: This gesture represents allegiance to the Bloods street gang. 2. Formation of an upside-down pitchfork: Also known as the “East Coast Hand Sign,” this symbol signifies membership in Folk Nation-affiliated gangs such as Gangster Disciples. 3. Making an “L” shape with thumb and index finger: Used by Crip ...1. Hand Signs. The most common gang signs are the “Hand Signs” which are made by holding up hands and fingers with different styles. When a gang member uses hand signs, it is often called “throwing,” “throwing up,” or “flashing” gang signs. Hand signs reflect the signs and symbols of their gang.Hand gang signs, also known as hand signals or gestures, are used by some gangs to communicate with each other and assert their identity. These signs can vary depending on the specific gang but often involve unique hand configurations or movements that symbolize group affiliation or loyalty.One such gang that commands attention is the Gangster Disciples (GD), known for its intricate system of communication through hand signals or "gang signs." In this blog post, we peel back the layers of mystery surrounding these gestures to provide you with an insightful guide on how to understand GD gang signs and their meanings.Short answer 52 hoova gang signs: The 52 Hoova Gang is a Crip-affiliated street gang based in Los Angeles. Their hand signs include holding up five fingers on one hand and two fingers on the other, symbolizing "5-Deuce," their subset number. These gestures are used to identify fellow members and assert territorial presence within the community.

Jun 21, 2022 ... that same hand gesture is also a symbol. ... Half Heart Hand Gesture Meaning ... Rappeur et. pritamluvsyou. Nishan Susma. Gang signs #ukdrip_y # .... Jump park asheville

hand signals gang signs

2. The “Pitchfork” Hand Sign: Next in line is the intriguing “Pitchfork” hand sign usually associated with rival gangs originating from Chicago’s streets. This gesture forms an inverted ‘V’ shape with extended fingers placed together at the bottom and separated towards the top, mimicking a pitchfork’s prongs.The pitchfork gang sign is a hand gesture associated with street gangs, particularly those affiliated with the Folk Nation. Formed by extending the index and middle fingers, while tucking the ring and pinky fingers into the palm, it symbolizes allegiance to the gang and represents their motto "Folks Over Everything".They use hand signals to communicate with each other and show their allegiance. One of these signs is commonly referred to as the "GD" or "Gangsta D" sign. 1. Symbolizes affiliation: When someone throws up this hand gesture, it signifies that they are a member or supporter of the Gangster Disciples gang. 2.The 4k gang sign is a hand gesture commonly used by members of the 4K Bloods, a criminal street gang. This simple hand signal holds significant meaning within their subculture and serves as an identifiable marker for fellow members. 1. Recognition: The 4k gang sign allows members to recognize each other in crowded or unfamiliar places quickly.Now let’s explore some key elements behind decoding O block gang signs: 1. Hand Configuration: Gang signs typically involve specific finger placements catering symbolic meanings significant only among insiders. The use of fingers may denote letters referencing particular blocks or affiliates tied closely together within surrounding ...Gang signs are hand gestures used by members affiliated with specific street gangs. However, in recent times these signals have transcended from being solely representative of criminal organizations but rather embracing different subcultures associated with personal identity or admiration for artists like NLE Choppa.Short answer – Gang signs are hand gestures used by gang members to identify their affiliation, communicate messages, and intimidate rivals. Each sign carries a specific meaning unique to the particular gang or alliance. ... However, there is a subset of hand signals that carries with it an entirely different meaning – gang signs. These ...Short answer gang sign holding up 4 fingers: Gang sign holding up 4 fingers, commonly known as “throwing four,” is a hand gesture associated with street gangs. It typically signifies an affiliation or allegiance to a particular gang and may differ in meaning depending on the group involved.Introduction: In an underworld where symbols hold immense power, one emblem has stood as a testament to unity, loyalty, and resilience for decades – the notorious 18 Street gang sign. Born on treacherous streets that resonate with whispers of violence and defiance, this iconic hand gesturerepresents both a longstanding lineage …The ring finger down gang sign, also known as the "W" sign, has a deep-rooted history and carries significant meaning in the streets of Los Angeles. It was initially adopted by LA street gangs as a way to represent their territories and show allegiance to their respective neighborhoods. By placing their ring finger down while making a fist ...Short answer: Crips Gang Signs. Crips gang signs are hand gestures used by members of the Crip criminal organization to convey their affiliation. These signs typically involve specific finger configurations, with variations representing different meanings within the group’s subculture. They serve as communication tools and identifiers among ....

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